01Particle drawings
In drawings, ionic solutes appear as separated ions, each surrounded by water oriented correctly: the O (δ−) faces cations, the H (δ+) faces anions.
Molecular solutes like sugar stay intact as whole molecules.
02Notebook box
Ratio of drawn particles must match the formula: CaCl₂ → 1 Ca²⁺ : 2 Cl⁻.
Worked example: A drawing shows water's H atoms pointing at Na⁺. Error: oxygen should face cations.